ANT316 - South Asian Archaeology
H. Miller, Fall 2004                



(1) Choose 4 articles, in case I can not give you your first choice.  I can not guarantee that you will get any of your choices, but I will do my best.  For each choice, list first the class date, and then the author & year.  Be sure to choose articles from at least 2 different days!!
(2) Include your email address on your list of choices
(3) Those choosing topics for presentation on Sept. 28 or Oct. 5 may choose to turn in their papers TWO weeks later, rather than one week (but you must inform me of this).  I will also be more lenient in my assessment of your presentation.
(4) If you have another topic or specific article that you really want to review, bring it to me the first week of classes and we will talk about it.
(5) Note that many of the articles that seem to be very long have relatively short texts, but many pages of tables or site summaries, and long bibliographies.  Do not choose an article based on its length, but rather choose on the basis of your interest in the topic.

Please do NOT email your choices to me.  Please give all this information to me in writing in class on Sept. 21.  Thanks!


Sept. 28:  Palaeolithic Traditions;  Long-term Hunting & Gathering Traditions

Korisettar, R.  2002.   The Archaeology of the South Asian Lower Palaeolithic: History and Current Status.  In Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume 1 (Protohistory: Archaeology of South Asia), edited by S. Settar & R. Korisetttar, pp. 1-66.  Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi.

Pal, J. N.  2002.  The Middle Palaeolithic Culture of South Asia. In Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume 1 (Protohistory: Archaeology of South Asia), edited by S. Settar & R. Korisetttar, pp. 67-84.  Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi. 

Raju, D. R. & P. C. Venkatasubbiah.  2002.  The Archaeology of the Upper Palaeolithic Phase in India. In Indian Archaeology in Retrospect, Volume 1 (Protohistory: Archaeology of South Asia), edited by S. Settar & R. Korisetttar, pp. 85-110.  Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi.

Paddayya, K., Richa Jhaldiyal and Michael D. Petraglia.  1999-2000.  The Significance of the Acheulian Site of Isampur, Karnataka, in the Lower Paleolithic of India.  Puratattva 30: 1-24. 

Petraglia, M.d., P. Laporta, and K. Paddayya.  1999.  Isampur, the first Acheulian quarry in India:  stone tool manufacture, biface morphology and behaviours.  Journal of Anthropological Research  55:39-70.

Kennedy, K. A. R.  2003. The Uninvited Skeleton at the Archaeological Table: The Crisis of Paleoanthropology in South Asia in the Twenty-first Century.  Asian Perspectives 42(2):352-367. (Also relates to issues covered later in the class.)

Oct. 5:  Food-Producing (Neolithic) Traditions;  Indus Tradition: Food-Producing Era

Both:  (1) Belcher, William R.  1994a.  Multiple Approaches towards Reconstruction of Fishing Technology:  Net-making and the Indus Valley Tradition.  In From Sumer to Melluha:  Contributions to the Archaeology of Southwest and South Asia in Memory of George F. Dales, edited by J. M. Kenoyer, pp. 129-142.  Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. AND
(2) Belcher, William R.  1994.  Riverine Fisheries and habitat exploitation of the Indus Valley Tradition: An example from Harappa.  In South Asian Archaeology, 1993, edited by A. Parpola & P. Koskikallio, pp. 71-80. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Helsinki.  

Marcon, V. & M. Lechevallier.  2000.  Lithic industries of the Indo-Iranian borderlands: Technological approach of blade debitage in the assemblages of Mehrgarh, Nausharo and Miri Qalat in Balochistan, Pakistan. In South Asian Archaeology 1997, Volume I, edited by M. Taddei & G. DeMarco, pp. 215-235.  Is. I. A. O., Rome.

Meadow, Richard H. & Ajita K. Patel.  2003.  Prehistoric Pastoralism in Northwestern South Asia fromt he Neolithic through the Harappan Period.  In Indus Ethnobiology:  New Perspectives from the Field, edited by Steven A. Weber & William R. Belcher, pp. 65-94.  Lexington Books, Lanham, MD.

Reddy, Seetha Narahari.  1997.  If the Threshing Floor Could Talk:  Integration of Agriculture and Pastoralism during the Late Harappan in Gujarat, India. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16:162-187.

All 3:  (1) Weber, Steven A.  1999. Seeds of Urbanism:  Paleoethnobotany and the Indus Civilization.  Antiquity 73(282):813-826.   AND
(2) Fuller, Dorian Q.  2001.  Responses.  Harappan seeds and agriculture: some considerations. Antiquity 75(288):410-413.  AND
(3) Weber, Steven A.  2001.  Responses.  Harappan seeds and agriculture: some considerations. Antiquity 75(288):413-414.

Allchin, Raymond & Bridget Allchin. 1982.  Chapter 5, The First Agricultural Communities, in The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan (pp. 97-127).  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 


Oct. 12:  Indus Tradition: Regionalization Era & Integration Era (Indus Civilization)

Regionalization Era
Durrani, F. A., I. Ali & G. U. Erdosy.  1995.  New Perspectives on Indus Urbanism from Rehman Dheri.  East and West 45(1-4): 18-96.

Possehl, G. L. 1990  Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanization. Annual Review of Anthropology 19:261-282.

Both:  (1) Jarrige, Jean-Francois.  1993  The Question of the Beginning of the Mature Harappan Civilization as seen from Nausharo Excavations. In South Asian Archaeology 1991, edited by A.J. Gail & G.J.R. Mevissen, pp. 149-164.  F. S. Verlag, Stuttgart. AND
(2) Jarrige, Catherine. 1999  The Mature Indus Phase at Nausharo: Elements of Urban Infrastructure. In South Asian Archaeology 1997, Volume I, edited by M. Taddei & G. DeMarco, pp. 237-258.  Is. I. A. O., Rome.

Integration Era
Jansen, Michael.  1993.  pp. 9-48, 116-129 in Mohenjo-Daro:  City of Wells and Drains.  Water Splendour 4500 Years Ago.  (Stadt der Brunnen und Kanäle.  Wasserluxus vor 4500 Jahren): Frontinus-Gesellschaft e.V.  Bergisch Gladbach.      (Note:  side-by-side German & English text, and many photos, so equivalent to 25-30 pages.)

Kenoyer, J. M. 1998  Wealth and Socio-Economic Hierarchies of the Indus Valley Civilization. In Order, Legitimacy and Wealth in Early States, edited by J. Richards and M. Van Buren, pp. 88-109.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
(Also see:  Malik, S.C. 1984   Harappan Social and Political Life. In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B.B. Lal & S.P. Gupta,  pp. 201- 210.  Books and Books, New Delhi.

Miller, Daniel  1985  Ideology and the Harappan Civilization. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4: 34-71.

Possehl, Gregory L.  1998.  Sociocultural complexity without the State: The Indus civilization. In Archaic States, edited by G. Feinman & J. Marcus, pp. 261-291.  School of American Research Press, Sante Fe, NM. 


Oct. 12:  Indus Tradition: Integration Era continued; Contemporaneous Groups

Integration Era
Hemphill, B. E., J. R. Lukacs & K. A. R. Kennedy.  1991.  Biological Adaptations and Affinities of Bronze Age Harappans. Harappa Excavations 1986-1990, edited by R. H. Meadow, pp. 137-182.  Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.  (much of this is charts & graphs)

Parpola, A. 1997.  Summary of the Indus Script.  Center for South Asia, U. W. Madison. (60 pgs, of which many are illustrations)

Farmer, Steve.  2004.  The Illiterate Harappans:  Theoretical Implications of Recent Studies of the First Indian Civilization.  PDF file 1.2 on webpage http://www.safarmer.com/downloads/   (70 slides, 4.2 megabytes)

Both:  (1) Ardeleanu-Jansen, Alexandria.  2001.  The Terracotta Figurines from Mohenjo Daro:  Considerations on Tradition, Craft and Ideology in the Harappan Civilization (c. 2400-1800 BC).  In Indian Archaeology in Retrospect,  Vol. II. Protohistory:  Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization, edited by S. Settar & Ravi Korisettar, pp. 205-222.  Manohar Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.   AND
(2) Jarrige, C. 1997.  The figurines from Nausharo Period I and Their Further Developments.  In South Asian Archaeology 1995, edited by B. Allchin & R. Allchin, pp. 33-43. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.

Both:  (1) Quivron, G. 1997  Incised and Painted Marks on the Pottery of Mehrgarh and Nausharo-Baluchistan. In South Asian Archaeology 1995, edited by B. Allchin and R. Allchin, pp. 45-62. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.    AND
(2) Kenoyer, J. M. & R. H. Meadow.  1996.  New Inscribed Objects From Harappa.  Lahore Museum Bulletin IX(1): 1-20.  

Both:  (1) Inizan, M.-L. & M. Lechevallier.  1997.   A Transcultural Phenomenon in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Lithics of the Old World: Raw Material Circulation and Production of Standardized Long Blades. The Example of the Indus Civilization. In South Asian Archaeology 1995, edited by B. Allchin & R. Allchin, pp. 77-85. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.   AND
(2) Negrino, F. and E. Starnini  1995  A preliminary report of the 1994 excavations on the Rohri Hills (Sindh-Pakistan).  Ancient Sindh 2: 55-80.  (mostly illustrations)

Both:  (1) Wright, Rita P.  1991.  Patterns of Technology and the Organization of Production at Harappa.  In Harappa Excavations 1986-1990, edited by R. H. Meadow, pp. 71-88.  Prehistory Press, Madison, WI.  AND
(2) Vidale, Massimo.  1989.  Specialized Producers and Urban Elites:  On the Role of Craft Industries in Mature Harappan Urban Contexts. .  In Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia, edited by J. M. Kenoyer, pp. 171-181.  Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.

Other Contemporaneous Groups
Hermann, C. Frank.  1997.  'Harappan' Gujarat:  The Archaeology-Chronology Connection.  Pal éorient 22(2):77-112. 

Edens, C.  1993   Indus-Arabian Interaction during the Bronze Age: A Review of Evidence. In Harappan Civilization: A Recent Perspective , edited by G. L. Possehl, pp. 335-363. Oxford & IBH Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Possehl, G. L. 1997  Seafaring Merchants of Meluhha. In South Asian Archaeology  1995, edited by B. Allchin and R. Allchin, pp. 87-100. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
(Also see:    Tosi, M. 1993   The Harappan Civilization beyond The Indian Subcontinent.  In Harappan Civilization: A Recent Perspective , edited by G. L. Possehl, pp. 365-378. Oxford & IBH Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.


Oct. 26: Exam


Nov. 2: Indus Tradition:  Localization Era;  Questions of Decline and Migration; 
     Other Chalcolithic Traditions; Vedic/Iron Age Polities;  Megaliths

Localization Era, Decline & Migration
Possehl, Gregory L.  1997.  The Transformation of the Indus Civilization.  Journal of World Prehistory 11(4): 425-472.

Bhan, Kuldeep Kumar.  1992.  Late Harappan Gujarat. Eastern Anthropologist.  Indus Civilization Special Number 45(1-2):173-192    OR
Bhan, Kuldeep K.  1989.  Late Harappan Settlements of Western India, with Specific Reference to Gujarat. In Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia, edited by J. M. Kenoyer, pp. 219-242.  Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.

Jarrige, J.-F. 1985 Continuity and Change in the North Kachi Plain (Baluchistan, Pakistan) at the beginning of the second millennium B.C.  In South Asian Archaeology, 1983, edited by J. Schotsman and M. Taddei, pp. 35-68.  
(Also see:    Jarrige, J.-F. 1997  From Nausharo to Pirak: Continuity and change in the Kachi/Bolan region from the 3^rd to the 2^nd millennium B. C. South Asian Archaeology 1995, edited by B. Allchin, pp. 11-32. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.

All 3:  (1) Bökönyi, S.  1997  Horse Remains from the Prehistoric Site of Surkotada, Kutch, Late 3rd Millennium B.C.  South Asian Studies 13: 297-307.  AND
(2) Meadow, R. H. and A. Patel 1997  A comment on "Horse Remains from Surkotada" by Sándor Bökönyi.  South Asian Studies 13: 308-315.  AND
(3) Anthony, D.  1997  Current Thoughts on the Domestication of the Horse in Asia.  South Asian Studies 13: 315-318.

Kennedy, K. A. R. 1994.  Have Aryans been identified in the Prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia?  In Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity: The Indo-Aryans in Ancient South Asia , edited by G. Erdosy, pp. 32-66.  W. DeGruyter, Berlin.

Shaffer, J. G. & D. A. Lichtenstein.  1995. The concepts of "cultural tradition" and "palaeoethnicity" in South Asian Archaeology. The Indo-Aryans in Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy, pp. 126-154.  W. DeGruyter, Berlin. 

Other Chalcolithic Traditions;  Vedic/Iron Age
Shinde, Vasant.  1998.  Chapter 3, Early Farming Communities, in Early Settlements in the Central Tapi Basin, pp. 15-37.  Munshiram Monoharlal Publishers, New Delhi.

Lukacs, John R. & Subhash R. Walimbe.  2000.  Health, Climate, and Culture in Prehistoric India.  Conflicting Conclusions from Archaeology and Anthropology? In South Asian Archaeology 1997, Volume I, edited by M. Taddei & G. DeMarco, pp. 363-381.  Is. I. A. O., Rome.  (must be willing to review complex statistics)

Varma, Supria.  2003.  In the Absence of Mounds:  Shifting Villages, Pastoralism and Depopulation.  In Mobile and Marginalized People:  Perspectives from the Past.  edited by Rudolf C. Heredia & Shereen F. Ratnagar, pp. 121-144.  Manohar Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.

Raczek, Teresa.  2003.  Subsistence Strategies and Burial Rituals: Social Practices in the Late Deccan Chalcolithic   Asian Perspectives  42(2):247-266.
(Also see:  Allchin, Raymond & Bridget Allchin.  1982.  Ch.10 of The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.  for background

Erdosy, G.  1995.  The prelude to urbanism: ethnicity and the rise of Late Vedic Chiefdoms. The Archaeology of Early Historic South, edited by F. R. Allchin, pp. 75-98. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Both:  (1) Stacul, G. 1999  The Late 'Gandhara Grave' Complex and the Following sSage.  In South Asian Archaeology 1997, Volume II, edited by M. Taddei & G. De Marco, pp. 747-758. Is.A.I.O., Rome.   AND
(2) Stacul, Giorgio. 1989.  Continuity and Change in the Swat Valley (18^th-15^th Centuries B.C.)  In Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia, edited by J. M. Kenoyer, pp. 249-253.  Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.

Allchin, Raymond & Bridget Allchin.  1982.  Ch.12.  The Iron Age and the Emergence of Classical Indian Civilization.  In The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.


Nov. 9: Second Integration Era (Late Iron Age/Early Historic):  Gangetic Valley
      Urbanization; Buddhism & Long-distance Trade; Mauryan Empire

Kenoyer, J. M.  1995.  Interaction Systems, Specialized Crafts and Culture Change: The Indus Valley Tradition and the Indo-Gangetic Tradition in South Asia.  In The Indo-Aryans in Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy, p. 228-257.  W. DeGruyter, Berlin.

Erdosy, George.  1995.  City States of North India and Pakistan at the time of the Buddha.  In The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia:  Early Cities and States, edited by F. R. Allchin, p. 99-122.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Kenoyer, J. M.  1996. Early City-States in South Asia: Comparing the Harappan Phase and the Early Historic Period.  In The Archaeology of City-States: Cross Cultural Approaches, edited by D. L. Nichols and T. H. Charlton, pp. 51-70.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Ray, Himanshu Prabha.  2003.  Ch. 6: Consolidation of the Political Structure.  In The Archaeoogy of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, pp. 129-164.

Dar, Saifur Rahman.  1993.  Dating the Monuments of Taxila.  In Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times, edited by Howard Spodek & Doris Meth Srinivasan, pp. 103-122.  National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
(Also see:  Dar, S.R.  1994.  Classical Approaches to the Study of Gandhara Art.  In Perceptions of South Asia's Visual Past, edited by Catherine B. Asher & Thomas R. Metcalf, pp. 37-46.  Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi.

Coningham, Robin A.E.  1995.  Monks, Caves and Kings:  A Reassessment of the Nature of Early Buddhism in Sri Lanka.  World Archaeology 27(2):222-242. 

Coningham, Robin A.E. & F.R. Allchin.  The Rise of Cities in Sri Lanka.  In The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia:  Early Cities and States, edited by F. R. Allchin, p. 152-183.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Both:  (1) Smith, Monica L. 2003.  Early Walled Cities of the Indian Subcontinent as "Small Worlds".  In The Social Construction of Ancient Cities, edited by M. L. Smith, pp. 269-289.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.  AND
(2) Smith, Monica L.  2000.  Systematic Surface Survey at the Early Historic Site of Kaundinyapura, India.  Man and Environment XXV(1):75-87.

Nov. 16:  Late Iron Age/Early Historic continued (3^rd c BCE-7/8^th c CE): Contacts
     with West and East Ð Traders, Invaders, Pilgrims; Gupta Empire

Smith, Monica L.   1999.  The Role of Ordinary Goods in Premodern Exchange.  Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory  6(2): 109-135.

Both:   (1) Ray, Himanshu Prabha.  1987.  Early Historical Urbanization:  The Case of the Western Deccan.  World Archaeology 19(1):94-104   AND
(2) Chakrabarti, Dilip K.  1995  Buddhist Sites across South Asia as Influenced by Political and Economic Forces  World Archaeology 27(2):.185-202.

Ray, Himanshu Prabha.  2003.  Ch. 7: The Greeks: adventurers, travellers and traders  In The Archaeoogy of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, pp. 165-187.

Begley, Vimala.  1986.  From Iron Age to Early Historical in South Indian Archaeology.  In  Studies in the Archaeology of India and Pakistan, edited by Jerome Jacobsen, pp. 297-319.  Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.  (much on Roman trade)

Begley, Vimala & S.E. Sidebotham.  2000.  Archaeological Excavations at the Indo-Roman Trading Port at Arikamedu, India: 1989-1992. In South Asian Archaeology 1997, Volume II, edited by M. Taddei & G. DeMarco, pp. 961-984.  Is.I.A.O., Rome.

Prasad, Kameshwar  1984.  Chap 3 to 6 of Cities, Crafts and Commerce under the Kushanas.. Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi.

Chakrabarti, Dilip K.  1995.  Post-Mauryan states of mainland South Asia (c. BC 185-AD 320). In The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia, edited by F. R. Allchin, pp. 274-326.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Ray, Himanshu Prabha.  2003.  Ch. 9: Craft Production and Trading Networks:  Multiple Meanings.  In The Archaeoogy of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, pp. 214-244.
(Also see: Ch. 8 on Merchants in this book for additional information.


Nov. 23:  Early Medieval Period (7-14^th c CE):  Regionalization & Urbanization; 
     Joining the Islamic World

Whitfield, Susan.  1999.  The Monk's Tale:  Chudda, 855-870.  In Life along the Silk Road, pp. 113-137.  John Murray, London.   You will also have to read the Introduction (pp. 1-26) for the necessary historic background for your analysis.

Zagarell, Allen.  2002.  Gender and social organization in the reliefs of the Nilgiri Hills.  In Forager-Traders in South and South-east Asia. Long Term Histories, edited by K. D. Morrison & Laura L. Junker, pp. 77-104.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Both:   (1) Khan, Farid, Robert Knox, Peter Magee, & Ken Thomas.  2000.  Archaeological Investigations at the Ancient City of Akra.  In South Asian Archaeology 1997, Vol. II, edited by M. Taddei & G. DeMarco, pp. 843-856.  Is.I.A.O., Rome.  AND
(2) Akhtar, Jawaid.  1998.  The Medieval City of Ahmadabad.  In Reason and Archaeology, edited by Krishna Mohan Shrimali, pp. 147-151.  Association for the Study of History and Archaeology, Delhi.

Wink, André.  1990.  Ch. III.  Trading diasporas in the Indian Ocean.  In Al-Hind.  The Making of the Indo-Islamic World.  Volume I:  Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7^th-11^th Centuries, pp. 65-108.  E.J. Brill, Leiden.

Watson, Andrew M.  1983.  Selections from Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World.  The diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700-1100.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.   Read pp. 87-102, 123-138.  Also scan other sections in parts 2, 3 & 4 for background.


Nov. 30:  Empires of Medieval South Asia (14-18^th c CE):  The Deccani Sultanates
        & Vijayanagara;  Mughals; Successor States & Europeans

Stein, Burton.  1998.  Portions of Ch. 3, Medieval India, and Ch. 4, Early Modern India.  In A History of India, pp. 150-189.  Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.  (Also see:  pp. 134-150, for background on the origins of the Deccani sultanates.

Both:  (1) Fritz, John M. and George A. Michell.  1989.  Interpreting the plan of a medieval Hindu capital: Vijayanagara.  World Archaeology 19:105-129.  AND
(2) Sinopoli, Carla M.  1993.  Defining a sacred landscape: Temple architecture and divine images in the Vijayanagara suburbs.  In South Asian Archaeology 1991, ed. by A.J. Gail and G.J.R. Mevissen, pp. 625-635.  Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart.

Both:  (1) Morrison, K. D.  1993. Supplying the City: the Role of Reservoir Irrigation in an Indian Urban Landscape.  Asian Perspectives 32:133-151.   AND
(2) Morrison, K. D. 1995. Introduction  & Ch. 1 of Fields of Victory: Vijayanagara and the Course of Intensification. Contribution. 53, The Archaeological Research Facility, pp. 1-14.  University of California, Berkeley.

Ramaswamy, V. 1985.  Artisans in Vijayanagara Society.  Indian Economic and Social History Review 22:417-444.

Both:  (1) Sinopoli, Carla M. 1988.  The Organization of Craft Production at Vijayanagara, South India.  American Anthropologist 90 (3):580-597  AND
(2) Sinopoli, Carla M.  1998.  Identity and Social action among South Indian Craft Producers of the Vijayanagara Period.  In Craft and Social Identity, edited by C.L. Costin & R.P. Wright, pp. 161-172.  Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association (AP3A), No. 8.  American Anthropological Assoc., Washington D.C.

Morrison, Kathleen D.  2002. Pepper in the hills:  upland-lowland exchange and the intensification of the spice trade.  In Forager-Traders in South and South-east Asia. Long Term Histories, edited by K. D. Morrison & Laura L. Junker, pp. 105-128.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Dar, Saifur Rahman.  1994.  Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan.  A Central Asian Legacy.  Journal of Central Asia  XVII(1&2): 15-69.  (many illustrations)

Both:  (1) Wescoat, James L. 1996. Introduction:  The Mughal Gardens Project in Lahore. In The Mughal Garden. Interpretation, Conservation and Implications, edited by Mahmood Hussain, Abdul Rehman & J.L. Wescoat, pp. 9-22.  Ferozsons, Lahore.  AND
(2) Rajput, Shahid Ahmad.  1996. The Mughal Garden 'Wah' near Hasanabdal:  Source Material, Report of Excavations of 1993-94 and New Discoveries. In The Mughal Garden. Interpretation, Conservation and Implications, edited by Mahmood Hussain, Abdul Rehman & J.L. Wescoat, pp. 73-87.  Ferozsons, Lahore.

Dec. 7:  Exam